Soalan lazim influenza A

Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia

INFLUENZA A (H1N1)

SOALAN-SOALAN LAZIM

1. Apakah itu penyakit Influenza A (H1N1)?
Influenza A (H1N1) adalah sejenis penyakit berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh sejenis virus baru. Virus ini terhasil dari mutasi gene virus influenza babi, burung dan manusia.

2. Negara mana yang dilanda penyakit ini?
Maklumat yang ada pada masa ini menunjukkan bahawa kes yang terawal dijangkiti virus ini dilaporkan dari Mexico dan Amerika Syarikat pada April 2009 dan telah terus menular ke negara-negara lain. Untuk maklumat terkini tentang negara-negara yang dilanda penyakit ini, sila rujuk laman web www.moh.gov.my dan www.who.int.

3. Apakah tanda dan gejala penyakit ini?
Gejala awal jangkitan ini adalah mirip selesema, seperti demam, batuk, sakit kepala, sakit badan, sakit tekak, selesema dan kadangkala muntah-muntah atau cirit birit.

4. Bagaimana kita boleh dijangkiti?
Virus ini berjangkit apabila pesakit batuk atau bersin. Titisan cecair pernafasan yang keluar akan terkena tangan pesakit, permukaanpermukaan (surfaces) atau tersebar ke udara. Seterusnya, seseorang akan dijangkiti sama ada melalui pernafasan; melalui sentuhan dengan tangan pesakit atau menyentuh permukaan-permukaan yang tercemar dengan titisan cecair pesakit.

5. Pada masa ini, adakah jangkitan berlaku daripada babi kepada manusia?
Tidak

6. Apakah nasihat kepada orang yang dijangkiti virus ini?
• SEGERA dapatkan rawatan daripada doktor.
• Untuk mengelakkan jangkitan kepada orang lain, tutup mulut dengan tisu atau sapu tangan apabila batuk dan bersin. Kerap mencuci tangan dengan air dan sabun.
• Tinggal di rumah dan hadkan hubungan dengan orang lain. Elak menyentuh mata, hidung dan mulut.
• Elakkan daripada pergi ke tempat awam yang sesak.
• Jangan gunakan pengangkutan awam untuk menggelakkan jangkitan kepada orang lain.

7. Berapa lamakah orang yang dijangkiti boleh menyebarkan virus ini?
• Selagi mereka mempunyai gejala penyakit ini. Biasanya sehingga 7 hari dari tarikh mula mengalami gejala penyakit ini.
• Kanak-kanak boleh menyebarkan penyakit ini bagi tempoh yang lebih lama.

8. Bagaimana anda boleh menghindari jangkitan penyakit ini?
• Jauhi orang yang nampak tidak sihat dan menghidapi demam dan batuk.
• Kerap cuci tangan dengan air dan sabun.
• Elak menyentuh muka, khususnya hidung dan mulut untuk mengurangkan kemungkinan jangkitan.
• Jika anda berada di tempat yang dilanda penyakit ini, elakkan berada di tempat awam yang sesak.
• Ketahui situasi semasa penyakit ini dan langkah-langkah pencegahan yang perlu diambil.
• Amalkan cara hidup sihat. Dapatkan tidur yang cukup, makan secara sihat dan lakukan aktiviti fizikal.

B. Berkenaan Vaksin

1. Terdapatkah vaksin untuk melindungi diri daripada Influenza A (H1N1)?
Belum ada.

2. Adakah vaksin baru akan dicipta?
Ya. WHO sedang berusaha ke arah itu.

3. Bilakah vaksin yang sesuai akan dihasilkan?
Mengikut WHO, ini akan mengambil masa antara 4 hingga 6 bulan.

C. Berkenaan Rawatan

1. Terdapatkah ubat untuk merawat penyakit ini?
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia mempunyai stok antiviral yang boleh merawat Influenza A (H1N1).

2. Bolehkah antiviral ini memberi perlindungan?
Antiviral ini digunakan untuk memberi rawatan yang berkesan dan tidak memberi perlindungan sepertimana vaksin.

D. Berkenaan Babi dan Influenza A (H1N1)

1. Adakah selamat memakan daging babi dan produk babi?
Ya. Daging babi dan produk babi yang dimasak pada suhu yang betul (160°F/70°C) adalah selamat untuk dimakan.

E. Berkenaan perjalanan ke luar negara

1. Bolehkah kita ke luar negara?
WHO tidak mengeluarkan sebarang larangan perjalanan. Walaubagaimanapun perjalanan yang tidak penting, khususnya ke negara-negara yang dilanda wabak ini perlulah dielak atau ditangguhkan. Jika perjalanan tidak dapat dielak, langkah-langkah perlindungan diri yang sesuai mesti diambil. Mereka yang sakit mesti menangguhkan perjalanan. Sekiranya jatuh sakit setelah pulang, segera dapatkan rawatan.

F. Berkenaan Tahap-Tahap Pandemik

1. Apakah maksud tahap amaran Fasa 5 yang dikeluarkan WHO?
Pada tahap ini telah ada wabak di peringkat komuniti di sekurang-kurangnya 2 negara dalam satu-satu zon/kawasan/ rantau WHO.

2. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jangkitan manusia yang berterusan
(sustained human to human transmission)?
Jangkitan yang berlaku apabila 3 generasi terlibat – iaitu virus disebarkan daripada individu A kepada individu B dan seterusnya tersebar kepada individu C.

3. Apakah perbezaan antara ‘kes berkemungkinan dijangkiti’ (probable case)
dan ‘kes disahkan’ (confirmed case)?
• Kes yang ‘berkemungkinan dijangkiti’ mempunyai gejala-gejala selesema seperti demam, batuk, sakit kepala, lesu; dan sama ada positif kepada ujian influenza A atau mempunyai hubungan dengan kes lain yang ‘berkemungkinan dijangkiti’ atau kes yang telah disahkan.
• Kes yang disahkan adalah kes yang telah disahkan positif melalui ujian makmal.

4. Pada peringkat manakah wabak ini akan diisytiharkan sebagai pandemik?
Pada fasa 6.

Bagi maklumat lanjut, sila hubungi Bilik Gerakan CPRC Kebangsaan, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia di talian 03–8881 0200/0300 atau e-mel ke cprc@moh.gov.my

www.moh.gov.my

Fadhilat Ramadhan

Hadith 1
Abu Hurairah ra. meriwayatkan bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: "Umatku telah dikurniakan dengan lima perkara yang istimewa yang belum pernah diberikan kepada sesiapa pun sebelum mereka. Bau mulut daripada seorang Islam yang berpuasa adalah terlebih harum di sisi Allah daripada bau haruman kasturi. Ikan-ikan di lautan memohon istighfar (keampunan) ke atas mereka sehinggalah mereka berbuka puasa".
Allah mempersiapkan serta menghiasi jannah yang khas setiap hari dan kemudian berfirman kepadanya: "Masanya telah hampir tiba bilamana hamba-hambaKu yang taat akan meninggalkan segala halangan-halangan yang besar (di dunia) dan akan mendatangimu."
"Pada bulan ini syaitan-syaitan yang durjana dirantaikan supaya tidak menggoda mereka ke arah maksiat-maksiat yang biasa mereka lakukan pada bulan-bulan selain Ramadhan. Pada malam terakhir Ramadhan (orang-orang yang berpuasa ini) akan diampunkan." Maka sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah SAW pun bertanya: "Wahai Pesuruh Allah, adakah itu malam lailatul Qadar?" Dijawab oleh Rasulullah SAW: "Tidak, tetapi selayaknya seorang yang beramal itu diberi balasan setelah menyempurnakan tugasnya."

Hadith 2
Ubadah Bin Somit ra. meriwayatkan bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda pada suatu hari ketika Ramadhan hampir menjelang: "Telah datang kepadamu bulan Ramadhan, di mana Allah melimpah ruahkan di dalamnya dengan keberkatan, menurunkan rahmat, mengampuni dosa-dosa kamu, memakbulkan doa-doa kamu, melihat di atas perlumbaan kamu untuk memperolehi kebaikan yang besar dan berbangga mengenaimu di hadapan malaikat-malaikat. Maka tunjukkanlah kepada Allah Taala kebaikan dari kamu. Sesungguhnya orang yang bernasib malang ialah dia yang dinafikan daripada rahmat Allah pada bulan ini."

Hadith 3
Abu Sa'id Al Khudri ra. meriwayatkan bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: "Setiap hari siang dan malam pada bulan Ramadhan, Allah Tabaraka wa Taala membebaskan begitu banyak sekali roh daripada api neraka. Dan pada setiap orang Islam pada setiap hari siang dan malam doanya pasti akan diterima."

Hadith 4
Abu Hurairah ra. meriwayatkan bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: "Terdapat tiga jenis orang yang doa mereka tidak ditolak; doa daripada orang yang berpuasa sehinggalah dia berbuka puasa; imam (penguasa) yang adil, dan orang yang dizalimi yang kerana doanya itu Allah mengangkatnya melepasi awan dan membuka untuknya pintu-pintu langit dan Allah berfirman: "Daku bersumpah demi kemuliaanKu, sesungguhnya Daku pasti menolongmu walaupun pada suatu masa nanti."

Hadith 5
Ibn Umar ra. meriwayatkan bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: "Sesungguhnya Allah dan para malaikatNya mengirim rahmat ke atas mereka yang memakan sahur."

Hadith 6
Abu Hurairah ra. meriwayatkan bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: "Barangsiapa berbuka satu hari di siang hari bulan Ramadhan tanpa alasan yang wajar (disegi syariah) atau sakit yang kuat, tidak akan dapat menampung atau mengganti hari tersebut walaupun akan berpuasa sehingga ke akhir hayatnya."

Atheist Professor vs Muslim Student

I got this dialogue from email...i think it is interesting...read and think...

An atheist professor of philosophy speaks to his class on the problem science has with God, The Almighty. He asks one of his new Muslim students to stand and.....
Professor: You are a Muslim, aren't you, son?
Student : Yes, sir.
Prof: So you believe in God?
Student : Absolutely, sir.
Prof: Is God good?
Student : Sure.
Prof: Is God all-powerful?
Student : Yes.
Prof: My brother died of cancer even though he prayed to God to heal him. Most of us would attempt to help others who are ill. But God didn't. How is this God good then? Hmm?
(Student is silent.)

Prof: You can't answer, can you? Let's start again, young fella. Is God good?
Student :Yes.
Prof: Is Satan good?
Student : No.
Prof: Where does Satan come from?
Student : From...God...
Prof: That's right. Tell me son, is there evil in this world?
Student : Yes.
Prof: Evil is everywhere, isn't it? And God did make everything. Correct?
Student : Yes.
Prof: So who created evil?

(Student does not answer.)
Prof: Is there sickness? Immorality? Hatred? Ugliness? All these terrible things exist in the world, don't they?
Student :Yes, sir.
Prof: So, who created them?
(Student has no answer.)
Prof: Science says you have 5 senses you use to identify and observe the world around you. Tell me, son...Have you ever seen God?
Student: No, sir.
Prof: Tell us if you have ever heard your God?
Student : No , sir.
Prof: Have you ever felt your God, tasted your God, smelt your God? Have you ever had any sensory perception of God for that matter?
Student : No, sir. I'm afraid I haven't.
Prof: Yet you still believe in Him?
Student : Yes.

Prof: According to empirical, testable, demonstrable protocol, science says your GOD doesn't exist. What do you say to that, son?
Student : Nothing. I only have my faith.
Prof: Yes. Faith. And that is the problem science has.
Student : Professor, is there such a thing as heat?
Prof: Yes.
Student : And is there such a thing as cold?
Prof: Yes.
Student : No sir. There isn't. (The lecture theatre becomes very quiet with this turn of events.)

Student : Sir, you can have lots of heat, even more heat, superheat, mega heat, white heat, a little heat or no heat. But we don't have anything called cold. We can hit 458 degrees below zero which is no heat, but we can't go any further after that. There is no such thing as cold. Cold is only a word we use to describe the absence of heat. We cannot measure cold. Heat is energy. Cold is not the opposite of heat, sir, just the absence of it.
(There is pin-drop silence in the lecture theatre.)

Student : What about darkness, Professor? Is there such a thing as darkness?
Prof: Yes. What is night if there isn't darkness?
Student : You're wrong again, sir. Darkness is the absence of something. You can have low light, normal light, bright light, flashing light....But if you have no light constantly, you have nothing and it's called darkness, isn't it? In reality, darkness isn't. If it were you would be able to make darkness darker, wouldn't you?
Prof: So what is the point you are making, young man?
Student : Sir, my point is your philosophical premise is flawed.
Prof: Flawed? Can you explain how?
Student : Sir, you are working on the premise of duality. You argue there is life and then there is death, a good God and a bad God. You are viewing the concept of God as something finite, something we can measure. Sir, science can't even explain a thought. It uses electricity and magnetism, but has never seen, much less fully understood either one. To view death as the opposite of life is to be ignorant of the fact that death cannot exist as a substantive thing. Death is not the opposite of life: just the absence of it. Now tell me, Professor. Do you teach your students that they evolved from a monkey?

Prof: If you are referring to the natural evolutionary process, yes, of course, I do.
Student : Have you ever observed evolution with your own eyes, sir?(The Professor shakes his head with a smile, beginning to realize where theargument is going.)
Student : Since no one has ever observed the process of evolution at work and cannot even prove that this process is an on-going endeavour, are you not teaching your opinion, sir? Are you not a scientist but a preacher?
(The class is in uproar.)

Student : Is there anyone in the class who has ever seen the Professor's brain? (The class breaks out into laughter.)
Student : Is there anyone here who has ever heard the Professor's brain, felt it, touched or smelt it?....No one appears to have done so. So, according to the established rules of empirical, stable, demonstrable protocol, science says that you have no brain, sir. With all due respect, sir, how do we then trust your lectures, sir?(The room is silent. The professor stares at the student, his face unfathomable.)
Prof: I guess you'll have to take them on faith, son.
Student : That is it sir.. The link between man & god is FAITH. That is all that keeps things moving & alive.

Buang Baby kat university??? Btul ke?

Kalo la btul...mmg xbleh dimaafkan...apa la dosa baby 2 smpi nk kena buang cm 2...perlu ke dia tanggung akibat atas kesilapan, kekurangan mak bapak dia...setiap nyawa berhak hidup kat dunia ni...sapa kita nk amek nyawa manusia cm 2 je...yg aku dgr baby 2 mmg dah nazak sgt time jmpa 2...kesiannya...apa la keji sgt mak bapak dia...kalo xnak anak 2 xyah la buang...byk lg org nk anak kat dunia ni...smpi ati buang darah daging sndri...masyaAlllah...rosak2...apa la nk jd dgn masyarakat kita skang...smakin zalim...smakin xda ati prasaan...aku doa2 la org yg buat perbuatan tkutuk ni akan menerima blsn yg stimpal dgn apa yg dia dah wat...ni dah kira kes bunuh ni...wat malu n rosak nama baik university je...

http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20080730/tts-police-baby-993ba14.html

http://www.hmetro.com.my/Current_News/myMetro/Wednesday/Mutakhir/20080730182720/Article

The role of petronas: Check your facts on the oil issue

I'M tired of people criticising Petronas after the fuel price hike of June 4.

This shows how uninformed some people are about the role of Petronas as the national oil company.As a retired Petronas engineer who served the company for 28 years and had been posted to North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, I am qualified to talk about the company and its operations. First, the salaries paid to Petronas employees are not as high as people think. At best, they are industry average. Some even left the company to work with companies that paid more. Bonus? I worked with Petronas for almost three decades and never received a bonus amounting to six months or 12 months. On average, it was two months.
Let's shed light on the quality of the country's crude oil and refined products, especially the ones processed by Petronas. Malaysia produces about 600,000 barrels of crude oil per day (and about 100,000 barrels condensate). Of this crude volume, 339,000 barrels are refined locally for local consumption.The rest is exported (and yes, because it has lower sulphur content, it fetches higher prices). The Malaysian crude oil, known as the Tapis Blend, is the most expensive in the world. Malaysia also imports about 230,000 barrels of crude oil per day, mainly from the Middle East, to be refined here. This crude oil contains higher sulphur and is less expensive (so the country gains more by exporting its crude). In Malaysia, this crude is processed by Petronas at its second refinery in Malacca, and also by Shell at its Port Dickson refinery. Different refineries are built and configured to refine different types of crude. And each crude type yields different percentage of products (diesel, gasoline, kero-sene and cooking gas) per barrel.But most importantly, products that come out at the end of the refining process have the same quality, regardless of the crude types. That's why Petronas, Shell and ExxonMobil share the same pipeline to transport the finished products from their refineries to a distribution centre in the Klang Valley. The three companies collect the products at this centre to distribute them to their networks. What makes Petronas' petrol different from Shell's, for example, is the additive that each company adds. Many people also do not understand the role and function of Petronas. It is a business that generates income and value for its shareholder. In this case, Petronas' shareholder is the government. In 1974, when Petronas was set up, the government gave it RM10 million as seed capital. From 1974 to last year, Petronas made RM570 billion in accumulated profits, and returned RM335.7 billion to the government. That is about 65 per cent of the profits. That means for every RM1 that Petronas makes, 65 sen goes back to the government. Last year, Petronas made a pre-tax profit of RM86.8 billion. The amount given back to the government (in royalty, dividends, corporate income tax, petroleum products' income tax and export duty) was RM52.3 billion. The rest of the profit of about RM7.87 billion was used to pay off minority interests and taxes in foreign countries (Petronas operates in more than 30 countries), and the remaining RM26.7 billion was reinvested. The amount reinvested seems a lot, but the oil and gas industry is technology and capital-intensive. Costs have gone up exponentially in the last couple of years. Previously, to drill a well, it cost about US$3 million (RM9.6 million); now it costs US$7 million. The use of rigs was US$200,000 a day two years ago; now it costs US$600,000. The amount returned by Petronas to the government makes up 35 per cent of the government's total annual income, to be used by the government for expenditure, development, operations, and yes, for subsidies. That means for every RM1 the government makes, 35 sen is contributed by Petronas. So, instead of asking what happens to Petronas' money or profits, people should ask how the money paid by Petronas to the government is allocated. A lot of people also ask why Malaysia exports its crude oil.Shouldn't it stop exporting and sell at lower prices to local refiners? If Malaysia is an oil-exporting country, why can't it sell petrol or diesel at lower prices like other oil-producing countries in the Middle East? I don't have to answer the first couple of questions. It's simple economics, and crude oil is a global commodity. Why can't we sell petrol and diesel at lower prices, like in the Middle East? Comparing Saudi Arabia and other big producers with Malaysia is like comparing kurma with durian, because these Middle Eastern countries have bigger oil and gas reserves. Malaysia has 5.4 billion barrels of oil reserves, and about 89 trillion cubic feet of gas.Compare that with Saudi Arabia's 260 billion barrels of oil and 240 trillion cubic feet of gas. Malaysia produces 600,000 barrels per day of oil. Saudi Arabia produces nine million barrels per day. At this rate, Saudi Arabia's crude oil sales revenue could amount to US$1.2 billion per day.At this rate, it can afford almost everything -- free education, healthcare and subsidies -- for its people. However, these countries have in the past few years come up with policies and strategies to prolong their reserves and diversify their income bases. In this sense, Malaysia (and Petronas) has had a good head start, as it has been doing this a long time. Fuel prices in Malaysia are controlled by the government based on a formula under the automatic pricing mechanism introduced more than two decades ago. It is under this mechanism that the calculation of prices is made, based on the actual cost of petrol or diesel, the operating costs, margin for dealers, margin for retail oil companies (including Petronas Dagangan) and the balancing number of duty or subsidy. No retail oil company or dealer makes money from the hike of fuel prices. Oil companies pay for the products at market prices, but have to sell low, so the government reimburses the difference; hence, the subsidy. The subsidy as a concept is OK as long as it benefits the lower-income group. But there has to be a limit to how much and how long the government should bear and sustain subsidies. An environment where prices are kept artificially low indefinitely will not benefit anyone. That's why Indonesia is more proactive in removing subsidies. Even Vietnam (which is a socialist country) is selling fuel at market prices. As for the allegation that Petronas is not transparent in terms of its accounts and business transactions, I would point out that it is first and foremost a company, operating under the rules and regulations of the authorities, including the Registrar of Companies, and the Securities Commission and Bursa Mal-aysia for its four listed subsidiaries (Petronas Dagangan, Petronas Gas, MISC and KLCC Property Holdings). Petronas, the holding company, produces annual reports that are available to whoever wants them, and are distributed to many parties and places; including to the library at Parliament House for members. Petronas also makes the annual report available on its website. The accounts are audited. Although Petronas is not listed on Bursa Malaysia, it could be considered a listed entity as its bonds and financial papers are traded overseas. This requires scrutiny from investors and rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's. I hope this will help people understand the oil and gas industry. Apart from being capital-intensive, it is also complex and volatile. Don't simply attack Petro-nas. Check your facts first.

http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Thursday/Letters/2271633/Article/index_html